虚拟语气
虚拟语气是通过特殊的谓语动词形式来表达的愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测或建议等语气,它不表示客观存在。
一、 虚拟语气在单句中的用法
常用来表示祝愿、采用固定的倒装句式。例如:
longlivethepeoplesrepublicofchina!中华人民共和国万岁!
behappy! 快乐!
haveagoodtime! 玩得愉快!
succeed! 成功!
makeprogress! 进步!
二、虚拟语气在复合句中的用法:
1. 在非真实性条件句与主句中的用法
1) 表示与现在事实相反
条件从句 主句
一般过去时(be多用于were) would/should/could/might+动词原形
例如:ifiwereyou,ishouldaccepttheinvitation.
如果我是你,我会接受邀请的。
ifihadtime,iwouldgothere.
如果我有空,我就去那儿。
2) 与过去事实相反
条件从句 主句
过去完成时 would/should/could/might+havedone
例如:ifyouhadcomeearlier,youcouldnt/wouldnthavemissedthebus.
如果你早点来,你就不会错过那辆公共汽车了。
ifhehadseenyouyesterday,hewouldhavereturnedyourbook.
如果他昨天见到了你,他就会还你的书的。
3) 与将来事实可能相反
条件从句 主句
一般过去时(be多用were)
shoulddo,weretodo would/should/could/might+动词原形
例如:ifitshouldrain/weretorain/rainedtomorrow,thesportsmeetwouldbe
putoff.万一明天下雨,运动会就推迟。(事实上明天下雨的可能性不大。)
ifyoudropped/shoulddrop/weretodroptheglass,itwouldbreak.
万一杯子掉下来会打碎的。
4) if的省略
如果条件句中有were,had,should等助动词,可将if省略,而把were,had或should共
置于句首,来表达以if引导的条件句的相同意思。
例如:shoulditrain/wereittoraintomorrow,thesportsmeetwouldbeputoff./hadheseenyouyesterday,hewouldhavereturnedyourbook.
5)条件句或主句的省略
当有上下文或上下句中的语言环境暗示的时候,表示虚拟语气的从句或主句往往可以省略,以避免重复。
例如:——whydidntyouattendthepartyyesterday?
——iwould/shouldhave,butiwastoobusythen.
iwassurprisedthatyoudidntlikethisjob.youcouldhavedoneitbetter.(后面省略了ifyouhadlikedit.)
6)混合时间条件句与主句
条件句与主句的动作发生的时间有先后之差,应按各自动作时间搭配好相应的结构形式。
例如:iftheteacherhadntbeenillyesterday,whocouldgiveusalecturenow?/ifyouhadreviewedthelesson,youwouldanswerthequestionnow.
7)含蓄条件句与主句
即用without(=butfor),or(else)代替if从句。
例如:without/butforhishelp,wewouldnthavemadesuchgreatprogress.
=if hishelp,wewouldnthavemadesuchgreatprogress.
2.在asif/asthough引导的状语从句中用法:
在asif/asthough引导的状语从句中,谓语动词多用倒退一个时间段的方式来表达虚拟语气。例如:
themanspeaksasifhewereaforeigner./thespeakertoldusalotaboutthatcountryasthoughhehadbeentheremanytimes./theytalkedasiftheyhadbeengoodfriendsforyears.
注:asif/asthough从句中不一定都要用虚拟语气。如果情况真实性、可能性很大,就要用正常时态来描绘。例如:itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.天看起来象要下雨。(下雨的可能性很大。)
3.在宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句中的用法:
1) 在wish后的宾语从句中的用法:
a.与过去事实相反的愿望:宾从谓语为“haddone”形式。例如:iwishihadpassedyesterdaysexam.要是我昨天的考试及格了该多好。
b.与现在事实相反的愿望:宾从谓语为“did”形式。例如:hewisheshewasascleverasyou./iwishihadalargeroomtolivein.
c.表示将来愿望:宾从谓语用“would/coulddo”形式。例如:howiwishiwouldgoabroadnextyear!
2)在suggest,propose,demand,request,require,order,insist等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语为“(should)do”形式。例如:isuggest/propose/demand/request/require/order/
insistthathe(should)besenttothenearesthospitalassoonaspossible.
3)在“itis(about/high)time+that从句”结构中,that从句的谓语用一般过去
时或“shoulddo”形式。例如:itishightimehe 他该开始了。共
4)在表语从句、同位语从句中的用法:在suggestion,proposal,request,requirement,
advice等名词后的表语从句、同位语从句中,谓语用“(should)do”形式。例如:
mysuggestionisthatwe(should)sendafewcomradestohelptheothergroups./hegaveanorderthattheworkbedoneatonce.
虚拟语气考点分析
1.——alice,whydidntyoucomeyesterday?
——i_____,butihadanunexpectedvisitor. (nmet)
a.had b.would c.wasgoingto d.did
析:此题a、d明显不合上下文,因为乙方没有去。b选项若为wouldhave则成立,可以理解为iwouldhavecomeifihadnthadanunexpectedvisitor.的简略式。但此处是would,故应排除。只有wasgoingto可得体地表达“我原本打算去的,但是有不速之客造访”这一意思。
2.iftherewerenosubjunctive,english______mucheasier. (nmet)
a.willbe b.wouldhavebeen c.couldhavebeen d.wouldbe
析:观察题干,可知全句表达的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。故答案为d。
3.theguardatthegateinsistedthateverybody______therules. (nmet)
a.obeys b.obey c.willobey d.wouldobey
析:根据insist后的宾语从句谓语要用(should)do形式规律,可定正确答案是b。
4.iwishi_____youyesterday.
a.seen b.didsee c.hadseen d.weretosee
析:此题表与过去事实相反的原望,答案应为c。
5.——ifhe_____,he_____thatfood.
——luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately. (nmet)
a.waswarned;wouldnottake b.hadbeenwarned;wouldnothavetaken
c.wuldbewarned;hadnottaken d.wouldhavebeenwarned;hadnottaken
析:从对话看,是表达与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,故答案为b。
6.withoutelectricityhumanlife_____quitedifferenttoday. (nmet)
a.is b.willbe c.wouldhavebeen d.wouldbe
析:without引出一个含蓄条件句,主句表述的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,故答案为d。
7.whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlookasifit_____. (nmet)
a.breaks b.hasbroken c.werebroken d.hadbeenbroken
析;放入水中的铅笔看上去是断的,但实际上并非如此,因此是与现在的事实相反,这时asif从句谓语要用一般过去时,故答案为c。
8.youdidntletmedrive.ifwe_____inturn,you_____sotired. (nmet)共
a.drove;didntget b.drove;wouldntget
c.weredriving;wouldntget d.haddriven;wouldnthavegot
析:观察题干,可知if从句表述与过去事实相反的假设,因此答案只能是d。
9.ididntseeyouruncleattheparty.ifhe_____,hewouldhavesaidhelloto
me.
a.wouldcome b.hadcome c.came d.didcome
析:观察题目上下文,特别是第二句的主句谓语为wouldhavesaid,可知if从句表述的是与过去事实相反的愿望,因此答案为b。
10._____it_____foryourhelp,icouldnthavemadeanyprogress.
a.had;notbeen b.should;notbe c.did;notbe d.not;be
析:根据主句谓语形式,可知从句要用haddone形式,故应选a,haditnotbeenforyourhelp=ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp.(要不是你帮忙的话)
11.mrsmithwasbadlyill,orhe_____ourdinnerparty.
a.shouldcometo b.wouldhaveattended
c.wouldcometo d.shouldhaveattended
析:or可引导含蓄条件句,表达虚拟语气。根据此题内容,可知是与过去事实相反的假设,故答案为b。
倒装句型
英语的倒装有两大类型:
一、 全部倒装:指谓语全部置于主语之前的倒装,有下列几种情况:
1. here,there,away,in,out,down,up,off,back,now,then等在句首时引起全部倒装。
例如:
hereisaletterforyou./theregoesthelasttrain./thedooropened,andincamemrsmith./awaywenttheboy./downcametherainandupwenttheumbrellas./backcametheothers./outrushedtheboywithanappleinhishand./thencameanoiselikethunder./nowcomesthebus.
2. 介词短语或方位名词词组作地点状语位于句首,引起全部倒装。例如:
inthecorneroftheroomstandsawriting-table./southofthecityliesabigfactory./underthebedliesacat./intheseoceanslivehugenumbersofasmall fish5cmlong.
注:以上两种完全倒装主语必须是名词,谓语常是表示方位或转移的不及物动词,如lie,live,sit,stand,be,come,go,rise,walk,run等,主语若是人称代词或谓语不属上述动词之列,则不用完全倒装。例如:
hereitrainsaloteverymonthoftheyear./hereweare!/offyougo!/thenshewenttotheshop.
3.在therebe结构中,采用全部倒装语序。例如:
thereisabookinthebag.
表 系 主语
4.代词such作表语,意“这样的人”“这样的物”,应置于句首,其后全部倒装。例如:共
suchwerethefacts./suchwouldbeourhomeinthefuture.
二、 部分倒装:指部分谓语(如助动词、情态动词)位于主语之前的倒装。有下列一些情况:
1.一般疑问句,选择疑问句,反意问句要求部分倒装。例如:hashefinishedhiswork?/its
alovelyday,isntit?
2.特殊疑问词不作主语或不作主语的定语的特殊疑问句要求部分倒装。例如:
whendidyougothere?/whichdoyoulikebest?
3.only修饰动词、介词短语、状语从句,并置于句首时,主句中要部分倒装。例如:
onlywhentherainstoppeddidthematchstartagain.
注:“only+名词/代词”置于句首不要倒装。例如:
onlyhecandoit.(正) onlycanhedoit.(误)
4.含有否定意义的副词,如:not,never,neither,nor,seldom,hardly,little等置于句
首时,要求部分倒装。例如:
hardlycanibelievethat./neverhashebeentothegreatwall./seldomdoesshe
writetome.
5.notonly…but(also)…连接两个分句,notonly置于句首,它所引导的这部分要部
分倒装,但but(also)部分不要倒装。例如;
notonlyshouldwestudyscience,butalsoweshouldpayattentiontopolitics.
注:若notonly…but(also)…连接两个主语,句子不要倒装。
6.notuntil引起一个短语或引导一个从句置于句首时,主句中要求部分倒装。例如:
notuntilhewastendidhegotoschool./notuntilyesterdaydidirealizewhat troublehewasin.
7.hardly…when…;nosooner…than…句型中,若hardly,nosooner位于句首时,主句
中要求部分倒装。例如:
hardlyhadienteredtheroomwhenthephonerang./nosoonerhadhefinishedhis talkthanhewassurrounded(包围)bytheworkers.
8.so表“也”、“同样”意,位于句首时,其后要部分倒装。例如:
youcanswim,socani./ifyougo,sowilli.
倒装语序考点分析
1. notonly_____pollutedbut_____crowded. (上海高考)
a.wasthecity;werethestreets b.thecitywas;thestreetswere
c.wasthecity;thestreetswere d.thecitywas;werethestreets
析:notonly部分要部分倒装,可排除b、d。but(also)部分不要倒装,故c为正确答案。
2. little_____abouthisownsafety,thoughhewasingreatdangerhimself.
(上海高考)共
a.doeshecare b.didhecare c.hecare d.hecared
析:否定意义的little在句首,该句要倒装,故答案在a、b之中选择一个,因a的时
态不对,故答案为b。
3.onlyinthisway_____progessinyourenglish. (nmet)
a.youmake b.canyoumake c.youbeabletomake d.willyouabletocome
析:only修饰inthisway置于句首,句子要部分倒装,故答案为b。
4.notuntilallthefishdiedintheriver_____howseriousthepollutionwas.(nmet)
a.didthevillagersrealize b.thevillagersrealized
c.thevillagersdidrealize d.didntthevillagersrealize
析:由于notuntil在句首,主句要采用部分倒装,这样先可排除b、c,又由于d不
应该用didnt,故a为正确答案。
5.bequick!_____
a.thebuscomeshere b.thebusherecomes
c.herethebuscomes d.herecomesthebus
析:用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作出现在倒装句中,所以此题答案为d。(=thebus iscominghere.)
6.onthewall_____twolargeportraits. (nmet)
a.hangs b.hang c.hanged d.hanging
析:由于介词短语onthewall位于句首,全句要采用完全倒装式,因为主语是复数,所以正确答案为b。
虚拟语气、倒装句型专练
1. little_____aboutwhatothersthink.
a.hehascared b.hecares c.caredhe d.doeshecare
2._____gotintotheroom_____thetelephonerang. (nmet)
a.hehardlyhad;then b.hardlyhadhe;when
c.hehadnot;than d.nothadhe;when
3.onlybypractisingafewhourseveryday_____beabletomasterthelanguage.
(上海高考)
a.youcan b.canyou c.youwill d.willyou
4.ifi_____himyesterdayi_____himaboutit.共
a.saw;wouldask b.hadseen;wouldhaveasked
c.hadseen;wouldask d.saw;wouldhaveasked
5.whatdoyouthinkwouldhappenifthere_____nolightduringthedays?
a.is b.willbe c.were d.wouldbe
6._____yousucceedineverythingand_____youbehealthy.
a.hope;wish b.wish;hope c.may;may d.expect;hope
7.butforyourhelp,i_____theplace.
a.cantfind b.canthavefound c.couldnthavefound d.haventfound
8.ifherlawyer_____herelastsunday,he_____herfromgoing.
a.hadbeen;wouldhaveprevented b.hadbeen;wouldprevent
c.were;wouldprevent d.were;wouldhaveprevented
9.ifithadnotbeenfortheliberation,nochanges_____placeinmyhometown.
a.wouldhavetaken b.wouldhavebeentaken c.willtaken d.willbetaken
10._____latetommorrow,whowouldtakeherplace?
a.shouldmissgreencome b.ifmissgreenwouldcome
c.missgreenshouldcome d.ifmissgreencomes
11._____it_____,thecrops_____besaved.
a.had;rained;could b.should;rain;would
c.if;rains;should d.would;rain;should
12.theactorisoverfifty.butheactsasifhe_____ayoungman.
a.is b.willbe c.shouldbe d.were
13.itseemsasifit____alreadysummernow.
a.were b.be c.is d.hadbeen
14.iwishi_____himthedaybeforeyesterday.
a.saw b.couldsee c.hadseen d.wasseeing
15.imadethesuggestionthatthey_____theplantheyhadmade.
a.stickto b.stuckto c.insist d.insistedon
16.itissuggestedthatastudyplan_____rightnow.
a.ismade b.istobemade c.bemade d.hadbeenmade
17.theyrequiredthatwe_____themgetinthecrops.
a.help b.helped c.werehelping d.wouldhelp共
18.sheshouldhaveattendedtheclass,butshe_____.
a.hadnt b.hasnt c.didnt d.doesnt
19.itwasorderedthatnosmoking_____inthelibrary,whichmadethesmokers unhappy.
a.isforbidden b.wouldpermit c.beallowed d.shouldnotbeallowed
20.notonce_____hisviewoflife.
a.didthegentlemanmention b.thegentlemanmentioned
c.mentionedthegentleman d.doesthegentlemanmention
21.inthesun_____agroupofyoungsoldiers,guninhand.
a.didstand b.hadstood c.standing d.stood
22.——youforgottohandinyourhomeworkyesterday.
——goodheavens!_____.hereyouare.
a.soidid b.sodidi c.idid,too d.soyouhave
23._____withhisslippersonwhenheheardtheterriblenoise.
a.outdidherush b.rushedheout c.outrushedhe d.outherushed
24.nosooner_____finishedthecomposition_____thelightwentout.
a.ihad;when b.ihad;than c.hadi;when d.hadi;than
25.itwasnotuntil_____topreparehislessons.
a. didhisfathercomeinthattheboybegan
b. hisfathercameinthattheboybegan
c. didhisfathercomeindidtheboybegin
d. hisfathercameindidtheboybegin
26._____,soyouarenotafriendofmine.
a.ineversawyoubefore b.neverbeforeihaveseenyou
c.neverbeforehaveiseenyou d.neverhadiseenyoubefore
27.——davidhasmadegreatprogressrecently.
——_____,and_____. (上海高考)
a.sohehas;soyouhave b.sohehas;sohaveyou
c.sohashe;sohaveyou d.sohashe;soyouhave
28.never_____tilltomorrowwhatmaybedonetoday.
a.putoff b.doputoff c.didyouputoff d.youwillputoff
29.——haveyouwrittentheseletters?
——no,_____timetodoanyotherworkyet.
a.hardlyihave b.ihavehadhardly
c.ihavehardlyhad d.ihardlyhavehad共
30._____getsuchapairofshoesformyson?
a.wheredoyouthinkcani b.doyouthinkwherecani
c.doyouthinkwhereican d.wheredoyouthinkican
31.then_____thattheenemyweregone.
a.thenewscame b.camethenews c.didthenewscome d.didcomethenews
32.——whatabeautifulbridge,_____?
——yes,_____?
a.isntit;isntit b.isit;isit c.isntit;itis d.isit;itisnt
33.alongthepath_____,onwhich_____“keepoffthegrass”.
a.stoodsomesigns;werewritten b.stoodsomesigns;wrote
c.somesignsstood;werewritten d.somesignsstood;wrote
34.hetookataxisothathe_____thereintime.
a.wasabletobe b.got c.couldget d.shouldget
35.idrathertom_____tomorrow.
a.come b.wouldcome c.came d.willcome
36.itisabouttimeyou____themedicine,sir.
a.willtake b.shouldtake c.musttake d.aretotake
37.ifthere_____noelectricityinthefuture,ourlife_____changealot.
a.willbe;will b.is;will c.shouldbe;would d.wouldbe;would
38.withoutthecommunistpartythere____newchina.
a.hadntbeena b.isnota c.wouldbeno d.wasnota
39.there_____alotofdeerintheforest.
a.have b.are c.is d.has
40.fromspace_____likeahugewater-coveredglobe(球体).
a.lookstheearth b.doeslooktheearth
c.theearthlooks d.doestheearthlook
虚拟语气、倒装句型答案
1-5 dbdbc 6-10 ccaaa 11-15 bdaca
16-20 cacca 21-25daddb 26-30 cbacd
31-35 baacc 36-40bccbc
共