新课标单词
undergroundn.地铁 commonlyadv.一般地,通常地
distinctionn.声誉,名声,区别,差别 distantadj.远的,遥远的
historicadj.有历史意义的,历史上著名的 vehiclen.车辆,交通工具
transportvt.&n.运输,运送,输送,搬运
shuttlen.短程往返运行的公共汽车(或火车等);梭,梭子;航天飞机
beneathprep.&adv.在……之下 comparativelyadv.比较而言,相对地
narrowadj.窄的,狭窄的;狭隘的 middlen.中间,中部
advancedadj.高级的,先进的 acceleratevt.加速,促进 pacen.步伐,速度
inconvenientadj.不方便的,不便利的 separatelyadv.分别地,单独地,各自地
acquisitionn.(尤指通过努力)取得,获得;学到
expansionn.扩充,扩展,扩大,发展 connectionn.连接;连接物;联系;关系
functionvi.起作用;工作,活动,运转 anniversaryn.周年纪念;周年纪念日
effectivelyadv.有效地 permitvt.&vi.允许,准许,许可 n.许可证;执照;通行证
sightseeingn.观光,游览 discountn.折扣,打折 officialn.官员
horribleadj.可怕的,恐怖的;极其讨厌的,让人非常难受的,特别糟糕的
increasen.增加,增长 cyclevi.骑自行车
aimvi.目的是,打算;瞄准,对准 vt.将……瞄准,将……指向 n.目标,目的
confusevt.使糊涂,使困惑;使混乱;混淆 tirevt.使厌倦,使厌烦;使疲劳
annoyvt.使恼怒,使生气,使烦恼;打搅,干扰,骚扰
undertakevt.承担,担任;着手做,开始进行,从事
sacrificevt.牺牲,奉献 beyondprep.在先之外,超出
modestadj.适度的,适中的,不过分的;谦虚的,谦让的
postponevt.推迟,延迟,使延期 speedvt.&vi.加速 timetablen.时间表
departuren.离开,启程,出发 repairn.修理,修补
punctualadj.准时的,准点的;守时的 reliableadj.可靠的,可信赖的
arisevi.发生,产生,形成;起立,起身;起床;起义
extremeadj.极端的,极度的 causen.原因,起因;事业
pedestriann.行人,步行者 lorryn.卡车 signalvi.发信号共
surroundingadj.周围的;环绕的n.周围环境
impatientadj.不耐烦的,没耐心的,急不可耐的
aggressiveadj.好斗的,侵略性的,咄咄逼人的
finevt.罚……的款,处……以罚金n.罚金,罚款
concentrationn.专心,专注;集中 irresponsibleadj.不负责任的
irresponsibleadj.不负责任的 assumptionn.假定,臆想
overloadvt.使超载,使过载 unsteadyadj.不稳定的,摇摆的,摇晃
invitationn.诱因;邀请;请帖 incorrectlyadv.不正确地,错误地
orderlyadj.有秩序的,秩序井然的,有条理的
课文出现短语
1.pickup 2.causedamageto 3.beneaththesurface 4.farfrom
5.inuse 6.whynotdo 7.gosightseeing 8.inthehopeof
9.speedup 10.underrepair 11.protectsbfromdanger
12.payattentionto 13.riskyourlife 14.avoidcausingaccidents
15.acoupleof 16.dropoff 17.chokeofftraffic 18.linkup
19.setup 20.functionas 21.permitsbtodo 22.atadiscount
23.makebetteruseof 24.washaway 25.arisefrom 26.beaimedat
27.leadtocrashes 28.watchoutfor 29.inneedof 30.beuptosb
31.asitisknown 32.leadto 33.acceleratethepace 34.beresponsiblefor
35.inhonorfor 36.aplaceofinterest 37.bemadeupof
38.makeupfor 39.causedeathsandinjuries 40.trafficjam
41.beawareof 42.befinedfor 43.belikelyto 44.ingoodcondition
一.单词应用
根据单词的首字母或汉语意思填写正确单词,注意形式变化。
1.uptonow,manypeoplehaveagreedthatt____________isanimportantpartofourlives.
2.inthe19thcentury,s___________trainshelpedpeopletravelallovertheworld.
3.inthepast,manyoldmendon’tbelievebusescancarrypeopleo_____________longdistance.
4.ifyougotobritain,youwillseethesignatthestation,“welcometothelondonu____________”.
5.mosttrainswenttothedistantb___________ofthecityinthenorthernpartofthecountry.
6.carsontheroadcanc_______offtraffic,sosomeexpertsdon’tagreecar’smassproduction.共
7.thefirsttunnelswerejustb______________thesurfaceoftheground.
8.sometimes,travelingontheselineswasveryi______________.soyouhadbettergobycar.
9.manycavesinthemountainsf____________asbombsheltersduringwartimes.
10.someexpertsinthisfieldthinkthishelpsmakethesystemmoreu______________.
11.itisreportedthatthetrainlineswereplacedunderthe___________(权力机构)oftheboard.
12.itwasinterestingtoknowaboutthelondon______________(地铁)developed.
13.thecityhasgoodair____________(连接)withmostlargecitiesonthechinesemainland.
14.thestorms______(冲走)awaysoilalongtheroadlastnight,whichmadechildrenfrightened
15.thedeaths__________(发生,形成)fromthoseaccidentshasincreasedinthepasttenyears.
16.wemustallbe__(意识到)ofthepotentialcausesoftrafficaccidentsandacttopreventthem.
17.youare___________(违反)thelawandriskingyourownlifeaswellasthelivesofothers.
18.itis_________(由…决定)toallofusroaduserstomakesurethatwemustavoidaccident.
19.many____(骑车的人)donotpayattentiontothecarsaroundthem.soitcanleadtoaccidents.
20.wemustpayattentiontoroad__________(安全).onlyinthiswaycanwekeepussafe.
二.词型转换
1、comparativeadj.---______(n.) 2、effectivelyadv.---______(n.)
3、patientadj.---______(n.)______(反) 4、concentrationn.---________(v.)
5、steadyadj.---_________(adv.) 6invitev.---_______(n.)_______(adj.)
7、awareadj.---________(n.)_______(反) 8.expect.v.---_______(adj.)_______(n.)
9、permitv.---_______(n.允许) 10、fortunen.---________(adj.)
11.connect(vt.)_________(n.) 12.responsible(adj.)________ (opp.)
13.rely(vi.)__________(adj.) 14.distant(adj.)____________(n.)
15.expansion (n.)_________ (vt.) 16.convenient(adj.)_________ (n.)
17.separate(adj./vt)___________ (adv.)
三.句型结构
基本句型
1.ithasthedistinctionofbeingtheoldestandmostcomplexundergroundsystemintheworld.
2.mosttrainsintolondononlywenttothedistantboundaryofthecitybecausebuildingrailwaytracksintothecitywouldhavecauseddamagetomanyhistoricbuildings.共
3.passengersweretransportedincarriageswithoutwindows,whichwerepulledthroughthecomparativelynarrowtunnelsbysteamengines.
4.havingseenthesituation,awealthyamericanbusinessman,charlesyerkes,triedtoimprovethesystembybuyingmanyofthedifferentlinesandsettinguptheundergroundgroup.
5.allthedifferentbusandtrainlineswereplacedundertheauthorityoftheboard.
6.thelondonundergroundsystemisworkingtotransportmillionsofpeopleeffectivelyasithasdoneformanyyears.
7.thisnoticeisaimedatincreasingpeople’sawarenessoftheproblembecauseithasbecomequiteextreme.
8.drivershavetotaketheresponsibilitytowatchoutforpeoplecrossingtheroad,especiallyolderpeoplewhomaywalkslowlyandyoungchildrenwhomaynotlookbeforesteppingintotheroad.
9.manycyclistsdonotpayattentiontothecarsthatsurroundthemandoftenridetooclosetocarstoallowthemspaceandtimetostop.
10.thislackofcontrolisaninvitationtoaccidents.
11.somecyclistsmaketheassumptionthattrafficlawsdonotapplytothem.
四.句型拓展
1.however,mosttrainsintolondononlywenttothedistantboundaryofthecitybecausebuildingrailwaytracksintothecitywouldhavecauseddamagetomanyhistoricbuildings.(p50)但是大部分通往伦敦的火车只到伦敦城的远郊,因为在市区内修建铁路会损坏许多古建筑。
distant adj. adistantcountry
shecouldhearthedistantsoundoffireworksexploding.
inthedistantpast/future
atsomepointinthedistantfutureiwouldliketohavemyownhouse.
quitesoon: theyplantohavechildreninthenot-too-distantfuture.
distance n.[coru]
hetravelsquiteadistance(=alongway)toworkeveryday.
doesshelivewithinwalkingdistanceofherparents?
高考链接
thefacesoffourfamousamericanpresidentsonmountrushmorecanbeseenfroma_____of60miles.(XX全国)
a.length b.distance c.way d.space
答案:b
historic adj. historicbuildings ahistoricday/moment
inahistoricvote,thechurchofenglanddecidedtoallowwomentobecomepriests.
historical adj. connectedwiththestudyorrepresentationofthingsfromthepast:
shespecializesinhistoricalnovelssetineighteenth-centuryengland.
historically adv.
thefilmmakesnoattempttobehistoricallyaccurate.
historically(=overalongperiodinthepast),therehavealwaysbeencloselinksbetweenfranceandscotland.共
2.unfortunately,theincreasednumberofvehiclesontheroadchokedofftraffic,andtheroadbecamesobusythatnoonecouldtravelanywhere.(p50)不幸的是马路上增加的车辆把道路堵得水泄不通,交通变得如此拥挤以致于每个人都寸步难行。
choke n.[c]v.窒息;堵塞;阻塞
thechildswallowedapenandchockedtodeath.
theroadstothecoastwerechokedwithtraffic.
引申:chockback忍住,抑制
chockup因激动等说不出话来
自我检测
duringtherushhourstheroadsareusually_____upwithtraffic.
a.chocked b.crowded c.blocked dchecked
答案:a
3.thefirsttunnelswereopenedin1863andwerejustbeneaththesurfaceoftheground.(p50)首批地铁隧道于1863年开通,他们紧靠地面。
beneath prep. 低于,在……之下
比较:1)under prep.
inad79thecityofpompeiwasburiedunderalayerofashsevenmetersdeep.
2)below adv.,prep.
fromthetopoftheskyscraperthecarsbelowuslookedlikeinsects.
theyhavethreechildrenbelowtheageof(=youngerthan)four.
4.sixteenyearslater,in1884,themetropolitanrailwaycompanyandthemetropolitandistrictrailwaylinkedupandprovidedtheundergroundserviceinthemiddleofthecity.(p50)XX年后,于1884年大都会铁路公司于大都会区铁路公司取得联系共同为城市中部提供地铁服务。
link v.[t]
theuseofcfcshasbeenlinkedtothedepletionoftheozonelayer.
n.[c] theirlinkswithbritainarestillstrong.
linkup theylinkeduptwoareasbytelephone.
用法拓展:beconnectedwith与……相接,和……有联系
5.thesenewwaysofdiggingacceleratedthepaceofthelondonunderground’sdevelopment.(p50)这些新的隧道开挖方法加快了伦敦地铁的发展脚步。
accelerate v.[i]iacceleratedtoovertakethebus.
compare:decelerate
v.[i]thecardeceleratedatthesightofthepolicecar.
acceleratedadj.加速的 accelerationn.加速度
自我检测
adriver______hiscarwhenhemakesitgofasterorincreaseditsspeed.
a.modifies b.duplicates c.accelerates dstimulates
答案:c
pace n.[u]: aslow/fastpace
whenshethoughtsheheardsomeonefollowingher,shequickenedherpace.
thesechangesseemtometobehappeningattoofastapace.
引申:keeppacewith与……并驾齐驱 ata…pace以……的速度共
自我检测
manypeoplecomplainofrapid______ofmodernlife.
a.rate b.speed c.pace d.growth
答案:c
6.travelingontheselineswasinconvenient,though,aseachlinewasseparatelyownedandmanywereveryfarfromeachother.(p50)然而搭乘这些线路很不方便,因为每条线都分别各归其主而且许多线路之间相距甚远。
inconvenient adj. aninconvenienttime/place
itwillbeveryinconvenientformetohavenocar.
inconvenience n.[coru]
havingtowaitfortenminuteswasaminorinconvenience.
7.afterhisacquisitionofthelines,eachonewasgivenanameandmostofthenamesarestillusedtoday.(p51)收购后他给每条线起了名字,很多名字至今还在使用。
acquire v.[t] iwaswearinganewly/recentlyacquiredjacket.
duringthisperiodheacquiredareputationforbeingawomanizer.
acquisition n.[coru]
ilikeyourearrings-aretheyarecentacquisition(=didyougetthemrecently)?
8.thelastlineaddedwasthejubileelinein1977inhonorofthetwenty-fifthanniversaryofqueenelizabeth’scrowning.(p51)
honor aqualitythatcombinesrespect,prideandhonesty:
amanofhonour wefoughtforthehonourofourcountry
n.[c] shereceivedanhonourforherservicestothecommunity.
hewasburiedwithfullmilitaryhonours(=withaspecialcelebrationtoshowrespect).
inhonourofsb./sth.inordertocelebrateorshowgreatrespectforsomeoneorsth.:
高考链接
mysisterwasagainstmysuggestionwhilemybrotherwas______it.(XX陕西)
a.infavorof b.inmemoryof c.inhonourof d.insearchof
答案:a
9.visitourticketofficeandbuyoneofthetravelcardsthatpermityoutotravelallovertheundergroundsystem.(p51)
permit (-tt-) v.[t] theregulationsdonotpermitmuchflexibility.
[+ingformofverb]theprisonauthoritiespermitvisitingonlyonceamonth.
asitwassuchaspecialoccasion,shepermittedherselfasmallglassofchampagne.
10.thisincludesdatesoryearsintheorderofthedevelopment.(p51)
order n.[u] inorderof 以……的顺序
thechildrenlinedupinorderofage/height.
putthefilesinalphabetical/chronologicalorder.
高考链接
youhavebeensittingonmyhatandnowitisbadlyoutof______.(XX广东)共
a.date b.shape c.order d.balance
答案:b
11.thebrochureyouhavejustreadreferstothedevelopmentofthelondonundergroundthatstartedin1854.(p51)
referto phrasalverb:1)healwaysreferstothehouseashis"refuge".
2)ifwritingorinformationreferstosomeoneorsth.,itrelatestothatpersonorthing:
thenewsalaryscaleonlyreferstocompanymanagersanddirectors.
12.iboughtaticketatadiscountandrodetheundergroundthreetimes.(p53)
discount n.[c] theyusuallygiveyouadiscountifyoubuymultiplecopies.
v.[t] youshouldn'tdiscountthepossibilityofhimcomingback.
atadiscount打折
自我检测
theysellthesweater_______adiscountof30percent.
a.on b.for c.at d.with
答案:c
五.完成句子
1.两家机构为了帮助贫穷儿童联合举办了一场慈善活动。)
thetwoorganizations___________toholdacharityeventforthepoorchildren.
2.这些新的挖掘方法加快了伦敦地铁的发展步伐。(acceleratethepaceof)
thesenewwaysofdigging____________thelondonunderground’sdevelopment.
3.一般说来,人们喜欢买各种各样的减价商品。(discount)
______________,peopleliketobuyallkindsofthings_____ ____ ________.
4.因缺乏交流而引发的家庭问题越来越多。(arisefrom)
therearemoreandmorefamilyproblems_____________________________communication
5.由于不知道坐哪路车,她向我们求助。(notknowing)
notknowingwhichbustotake,she______________________________________.
六.语法应用
非谓语动词 v-ing形式作定语
1.单个的v-ing形式可以作前置定语,表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态,在意思上接近一个定语从句,可以表示正在进行的动作,也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
anordinary-lookinghouse=ahousethatlooksordinary 看起来很普通的房子
apuzzlingproblem=aproblemthatpuzzlessomebody 困扰人的问题
2.作定语的v-ing形式如是一个短语,则应放在被修饰词的后面。
thebottlecontainingvinegarshouldbesenttothelaboratory.
装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去
theylivedinahousefacingsouth. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
3. 某些情况下,定语不能用v-ing形式,必须用定语从句。
①作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生,如两者不能同时发生的话,则需使用定语从句。共
昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。
【误】theprofessorcominghereyesterdaywillgiveusalecture.
【正】theprofessorwhocamehereyesterdaywillgiveusalecture.
②v-ing形式的完成式一般只用作状语,不作定语。
被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。
【误】thetemplehavingbeendestroyedbytheearthquakewillberebuiltsoon.
【正】thetemplewhichhasbeendestroyedbytheearthquakewillberebuiltsoon.
v-ed形式作定语
1.单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前,作前置定语。
awatchedpotneverboils. 心急锅不开。
whenwearrived,weeachweregivenaprintedquestionpaper.
我们到达的时候,每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。
提示: 如要表示强调,单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。
moneyspentismorethanmoneyearned. 入不敷出。
2.带有修饰语或其他成分的v-ed形式一般都作后置定语,在语法上相当于一个定语从句。 被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。
themeeting,attendedbyonethousandstudents,wasasuccess.
这次会议获得很大的成功,共有一千名学生出席了。
awomandressedlikealawyercameinandtookherseatasjudge.
一个律师装扮的女人走了进来,并作为法官就座。
v-ing和v-ed形式作定语的区别
1.及物动词的-ing形式作定语表示与被修饰名词是主动关系,及物动词的-ed形式表示与被修饰名词是被动关系。
thegroupcalledgreenhandistryingtohelptheenvironment.
2.不及物动词-ing形式表示动词正在进行,而v-ed形式表示动作已完成。
therisingsun正在升起的太阳 therisensun升起了的太阳
fallingleaves正在飘落的叶子 fallenleaves落叶
不及物动词-ed形式只表示完成的意义,并不带有被动的含义。
anescapedprisoner=aprisonerwhohasescaped 逃犯
aretiredworker=aworkerwhohasretired 退休工人
anewlyarrivedguest=aguestwhohasjustarrived 新来的客人
asadverbs
v-ing形式作状语
动词-ing形式可以作状语,修饰动词,其动作执行者与句子主语是主动一致。在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首;作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。
1表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。
havingmadefullpreparations,wearereadyfortheexamination.
(=afterwehavemadefullpreparations...)
2表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。
beingill,hedidn'tgotoschoolyesterday. (=sincehewasill...)
3表示结果,相当于一个并列谓语。
hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney. (=andlefthimalotofmoney.)共
4表示条件,相当于一个条件状语从句。
workinghardatyourlessons,youwillsucceed. =ifyouworkhardatyourlessons...
5表示让步,相当于一个让步状语从句。
knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.
=althoughtheyknewallthis...
6表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明,相当于一个并列结构。
helayonthegrass,staringattheskyforalongtime.
=...andstaredattheskyforalongtime
v-ed形式作状语
动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样,也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。但其动作执行者与句子主语是被动一致。
1动词-ed形式作状语表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。
completelyexaminedbythedoctors,hewentbacktoschoolrightaway.
(=afterhewascompletelyexamined...)
有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when,while等来强调时间概念。
oncerecovered,hewentallouttodohiswork.
一恢复健康,他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
oncestarted,theclockwillgohalfamonthandkeepgoodtime.
一旦给这钟上了发条,它就会走半个月,并且走得很准。
2动词-ed形式作状语表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。
movedbytheheroicdeeds,thechildrencouldn'thelpcrying.
(=sincetheyweremovedbytheheroicdeeds...)
3动词-ed形式作状语表示条件,相当于一个条件状语从句。
comparedwithotherprofessors,shewasanexcellentspeaker.
(=ifshewascomparedwithotherprofessors...)
4动词-ed形式作状语表示让步,相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。
exhaustedbytherunning,theywentonrunningaftertherobber.
(=althoughtheywereexhaustedbytherunning...)
为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显,我们可以加上适当的连词。
evenifinvited,iwon'tgo.即使受到邀请,我也不去。
thoughbeatenbytheoppositeteam,theydidnotloseheart.
5动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时,通常位于句子的后面,相当于一个并列分句。
theteacherstoodthere,surroundedbythestudents. (=andhewassurrounded…)
七.翻译句子
1.当我第一次从事这个工程的时候,我发现这个信息令人困惑,因我不知道如何组织他。
2.对于你推迟拜访,我感到非常的失望,但是我还是希望早点见到你。
3.因为陷入交通问题,他上班迟到了。
4.每种方法都被试过了,但是不起作用。
5.在法国出差的时候,他学会了法语。
6.风暴冲走了道路两旁的土壤,而且道路的一部分正在维修中。
7.在过去的几年中,道路事故的数量和由事故所导致的死亡数字快速增长。
8.我们必须意识到交通事故潜在的原因和采取行动取预防它。
9.当心不要陷入泥浆中。
10.医生被控告违反专业伦理。
参考答案
一.单词应用
1.transport 2.steam 3.over 4.underground 5.boundary 6.choke 共
7.beneath 8.inconvenient 9.functioned 10.user-friendly. 11.authority
12.underground 13.connection 14.washed 15.arising 16.aware
17.violating 18.up 19.cyclists 20.safety
二.词形转换
1.comparison 2.effect 3.patience;impatient 4.concentrate 5.steadily
6.invitation;inviting 7.awareness;unaware 8.expected;expectation
9.permission 10.fortunate 11.connection 12.irresponsible 13.reliable
14.distance 15.expand 16.convenience 17.separately
五.完成句子
1.linkedup 2.acceleratedthepaceof 3.generallyspeaking;atadiscount
4.arisingfromthelackof 5.turnedtousforhelp
五.翻译句子
1.whenifirstundertooktheproject,ifoundtheinformationconfusingbecauseididn’tknowhowtoorganizeit
2.iamdisappointedthatyouarepostponingyourvisitnextweek,butiexpectiwillseeyousoon.
3.havingbeentrappedintraffic,hewaslateforwork
4.everymeanshasbeentiredout,butitdoesn’twork.
5.hepickedupsomefrenchwhilehewasawayonabusinesstripinparis.
6.thestormswashedawaysoilalongtheroadandpartoftheroadisstillunderrepair.
7.thenumberofroadaccidentsandthedeathsarisingfromthoseaccidentshasincreasedgreatlyoverthepastyear.
8.wemustallbeawareofthepotentialcausesoftrafficaccidentsandacttopreventthem.
9.becarefulnottostepinthemud.
10.thedoctorhasbeenaccusedofviolatingprofessionalethics.
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