高中XX届英语语法专题讲义
第一节 冠词一、冠词知识点: 冠词是一种虚词,放在名词的前面,帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词(the indefinite article)和定冠词(the definite article)两种。a (an) 是不定冠词,a用在辅音之前:如a pen, a man; an用在元音之前,如:an old bike, an hour, an interesting story等。the是定冠词。(一)、不定冠词的用法1、指人或事物的某一种类(泛指)。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如:she is a girl. i am a teacher. please pass me an apple.2、指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:he borrowed a story-book from the library.a wang is looking for you. 一位姓王的同志正在找你。3、表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈。如:i have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.4、用于某些固定词组中。如:a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, mass of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time等。5、用在抽象名词前,表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词,起具体化的作用。如:this little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。it is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。it is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会,对我来说是一种荣誉。(二)、定冠词的用法:1、特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如:beijing is the capital of china.the pen on the desk is mine.2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如:where is the teacher?open the window, please.3、指上文提过的人或事物(第二次出现)。如:there was a chair by the window. on the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.the baby was thin.4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如:the earth, the moon, the sun.5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。(副词最高级前的定冠词可省略)如:he is always the first to come to school.bob is the tallest in his class.6、用在某些专有名词前(由普通名词构成的专用名词)。如:the great wall, the summer palace, the science museum, the children’s palace, the party等。7、用在一些习惯用语中。如:on the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next year, by the way等。8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如:the yellow river, the pacific ocean, the alps, the himalayas9、用在报刊、杂志前。如:the people’s daily, the evening paper, the times 泰晤士报。10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如:the browns are at home to receive visitors today. 布朗一家今天要接待客人。11、用在形容词前,表某一类人。如:the poor, the wounded, the living, the dead, the rich, the sick等。12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如:the driver always sits in the front of the bus(car).共178页,当前第1页123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178(三)、零冠词(即不用冠词):1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如:china, america, grade one, class two, milk, oil, water, paper, science等。
2、名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。如:go down this street.3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如:we are students. i like reading stories.4、节日、日期、月份、季节前。如:teachers’ day, children’s day, national day, in summer, in july等。today is new year’s day. it is sunday. march 8 is women’s day.
5、在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前,尤其作表语、宾补时。如:
what’s the matter, granny? we elected him monitor.6、在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如:at noon, at night, at first, at last, at most, at least, by bus(train, air, sea), in bed, in time, in front of, go to school, go to bed, go to college, on foot, at table, in ink, in pencil等。
7、在三餐饭和球类运动前。如:she goes to school after breakfast every morning.we are going to play football.we usually have lunch at school.8、科目前不加。如:we learn chinese, maths, english and some other subjects. 【专项训练】:1、 we can’t live without air. a.an b.× c.the d.some2、——have you seen pen? i left it here this morning.——is it black one? i think i saw it somewhere. a.a; the b.the; the c.the; a d.a; a3、i’ve been waiting for him for hour and half. a.×; × b.the; a c.a; the d.an; a共178页,当前第2页1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980818283848586878889909192939495969798991001011021031041051061071081091101111121131141151161171181191201211221231241251261271281291301311321331341351361371381391401411421431441451461471481491501511521531541551561571581591601611621631641651661671681691701711721731741751761771784、what fine weather we have today! a.a b.× c.some d.an5、have you ever seen as tall as this one? a.a tree b.such tree c.an tree d.tree6、children usually go to school at age of six. a.×; the b.a; an c.the; × d.the; the7、 himalayas is highest mountain in world. a.×; the;× b.the; the; the c.a; a; a d.×;×;×8、they each have __book. li hua’s is about writer. wang lin’s is on science. a.a; a; × b.the; ×; the c.×; the; × d.a; the; a9、 physics is science of matter and energy. a.the; × b.×; × c.×; the d.a; a共178页,当前第3页12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394959697989910010110210310410510610710810911011111211311411511611711811912012112212312412512612712812913013113213313413513613713813914014114214314414514614714814915015115215315415515615715815916016116216316416516616716816917017117217317417517617717810、 sun rises in east and sets in west. a.a; an; a b.the;×;× c.the; the; the d.a; the; a11、many people agree that__knowledge of english is a must in international trade today. a.a;× b.the; an c.the; the d.×; the12、 __mr. jones called while you were out (neither of us knows this man). he was in bad temper. a.×;a b.a;× c.the; the d.a; a13、they were at dinner then. it was delicious one. a.a; the b.×;× c.×;a d.a; a14、what kind of car do you want to buy? a.× b.the c.a d.an15、alice is fond of playing piano while henry is interested in listening to music. a.×; the b.×;× c.the; × d.the; the共178页,当前第4页12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394959697989910010110210310410510610710810911011111211311411511611711811912012112212312412512612712812913013113213313413513613713813914014114214314414514614714814915015115215315415515615715815916016116216316416516616716816917017117217317417517617717816、beyond stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space. a.the; × b.×; the c.×;× d.the; the17.(09安徽) we can never expect bluer sky unless we create less polluted world. 2a. a; a b. a; the 21世纪教育网c. the; a d. the; the 21世纪教育网18.(09北京) the biggest whale is ___ blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters long—the height of ____ 9-story building. 21世纪教育网a. the; the b. a; a c. a; the d. the; a 21世纪教育网19.(09江西) some people fear that ________ air pollution may bring about changes in _______ weather around the world. 21世纪教育网a. /; the b. the; / c. an; the d. the; a 21世纪教育网20.(09海南) let’s go to cinema-that’ll take your mind off the problem for whilea. the; the b. the; ac. a; the d. a ; a21.(09陕西) what pity that you couldn’t be there to receive prize!共178页,当前第5页123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178a. a; a b. the; a c. a; the d. the; the22.(09四川) in order to find _______ better job, he decided to study _________ second foreign language. 21世纪教育网a. the; a b. a; a c. the; the d. a; the 21世纪教育网23.(09浙江)i don’t understand what the engineer means, but i’ve got ______ rough idea of _____ project plan.a. the; a b. 不填; the c. the; 不填 d. a; the24.(09重庆) washing machines made by china have won worldwide attention and haier has become popular name.a. a; the b. /; a 21世纪教育网c. /; the d. the; a 21世纪教育网25.(09全国2 ) what i need is book that contains abc of oil painting. a. a; 不填 b. the; 不填 c. the; an d. a; the 21世纪教育网【总结提高】:请从课本或报刊中抄写五个含有冠词典型用法的句子,并标明用法。
第二节 名词知识要点:(一)、名词的种类:1、专有名词:1)china, japan, beijing, london, tom, jack(不加冠词)2)the great wall, the yellow river, the people’s republic of china, the united states等。(由普通名词构成的专有名词,要加定冠词。)2、普通名词
1)不可数名词 注意:不可数名词前一般不加冠词,尤不加不定冠词:若加a(an)则使之具体化了。 如:have a wonderful time.不可数名词作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时,可用复数形式。如:fishes, newspapers, waters, snows…… | | | | 共178页,当前第6页123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178
各种各样的鱼 各种报纸 河湖、海水 积雪有些抽象名词也常用复数,变为可数的具体的事物。如:times时代,works著作,difficulties困难 在表数量时,常用“of”词组来表示。如:a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper….2)可数名词:
可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外,一般都要加冠词:a birdthe frog is a kind of hibernating animal. vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.有复数形式:a)规则变化——加“s”或“es”(与初中同,略)
b)不规则变化——child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men), woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), englishman (englishmen),phenomenon(phenomena)…注意:c)单、复数同形:sheep, deer, chinese, japanese, fish(同一种鱼)……。如,a sheep, two sheepd)只用复数形式: thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,…
e)形复实单:physics, politics, maths, news, plastics(塑料),means.f)形单实复:people (人民,人们),the police, cattle等g)集合名词如:family, public, group, class等。当作为整体时,为单数;当作为整体中的各个成员时,为复数。如: my family is a big one. my family are music lovers.h)复合名词变复数时,(a)只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如:sister(s)-in-law嫂子,弟妹;step-son (s)继子;editor (s) -in-chief总编辑。 (b)如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如:grown-up(s)成年人,go-between(s)中间人 (c)woman, man作定语时,要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如:a man servant—men servants, a woman doctor—women doctors(二)、名词的所有格:1、表有生命的东西(人或动物)的名词所有格,一般在名词后加“’s”。如:mike’s bag, children’s day, my brother’s room, women’s rights…注意:1)名词复数的词尾是-s或-es,它的所有格只在词后加“’”。如:teachers’ day, the workers’ rest-home(工人疗养院),the students’ reading-room2)复合名词的所有格,在后面的词后加“’s”。如:her son-in-law’s photo(她女婿的照片);anybody else’s book(其他任何人的书)3)如果一样东西为两人或两人以上共有,则在最后的一个名词后面加“’s”; 如果不是共有,则每个词后都要加“’s”。如:jane and helen’s room. 珍妮和海伦的房间(共有). bill’s and tom’s radios. 比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机(不共有)4)表地点(店铺,某人的家等)的名词所有格后面,一般省去它所修饰的名词。如:the tailor’s (裁缝铺) the doctor’s (诊所) mr brown’s (布朗先生的家)5)有些表时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词,也可加“’s”表所有格。如:half an hour’s walk (半小时的路程) china’s agriculture (中国的农业)共178页,当前第7页1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980818283848586878889909192939495969798991001011021031041051061071081091101111121131141151161171181191201211221231241251261271281291301311321331341351361371381391401411421431441451461471481491501511521531541551561571581591601611621631641651661671681691701711721731741751761771782、表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of构成词组,表示所有格。如:the cover of the book
3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用of,特别是名词较长,有较多的定语时。如:the story of dr norman bethunedo you know the name of the boy standing at the gate?
4、“of词组+所有格”的用法:在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词(如:a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those等)时,常用“of词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有关系。如:a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友。
some inventions of edison’s 爱迪生的一些发明those exercise-books of the students’ 学生们的那些练习本。【专项训练】:1、there are only twelve in the hospital. a.woman doctors b.women doctors c.women doctor d.woman doctor2、mr smith has two , both of whom are teachers in a school. a.brothers-in-law b.brother-in-laws c.brothers-in-laws d.brothers-in law3、——how many does a cow have? ——four. a.stomaches b.stomach c.stomachs d.stomachies4、some visited our school last wednesday. a.german b.germen c.germans d.germens共178页,当前第8页1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980818283848586878889909192939495969798991001011021031041051061071081091101111121131141151161171181191201211221231241251261271281291301311321331341351361371381391401411421431441451461471481491501511521531541551561571581591601611621631641651661671681691701711721731741751761771785、the of the building are covered with lots of . a.roofs; leaves b.rooves; leafs c.roof; leaf d.roofs; leafs6、when the farmer returned home he found three missing. a.sheeps b.sheepes c.sheep d.sheepies7、that was a fifty engine. a.horse power b.horses power c.horse powers d.horses powers8、my father often gives me . a.many advice b.much advice c.a lot of advices d.a few advice9、mary broke a while she was washing up. a.tea cup b.a cup of tea c.tea’s cup d.cup tea10、can you give us some about the writer?共178页,当前第9页123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178 a.informations b.information c.piece of informations d.pieces information11、i had a cup of and two pieces of this morning. a.teas; bread b.teas; breads c.tea; breads d.tea; bread12、as is known to us all, travels much faster than . a.lights; sounds b.light; sound c.sound; light d.sounds; lights13、she told him of all her and . a.hope; fear b.hopes; fear c.hopes; fears d.hope; fears共178页,当前第10页12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394959697989910010110210310410510610710810911011111211311411511611711811912012112212312412512612712812913013113213313413513613713813914014114214314414514614714814915015115215315415515615715815916016116216316416516616716816917017117217317417517617717814、the rising did a lot of to the crops. a.water; harm b.water; harms c.waters; harm d.waters; harms15、——how far away is it from here to your school? ——it’s about . a.half an hour’s drive b.half hours drives c.half an hour drives d.half an hour drive16.(09安徽)china has got a good for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization. a. reputation b. influence c. impression d. knowledge17.(09福建)the world health organization gave a warning to the public without any when the virus of h1n1 hit mexico in april, XX. a. delay b. effort c. schedule d. consideration18.(09湖北)hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. it may also be good for ______ building. a. respect b. friendship c. reputation d. character19.(09湖北)in our class, when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was a ______ for everyone to stand up.共178页,当前第11页123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178