主动
被动
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
进行式
to be doing不定式的否定形式:not to do/ not to have done / not to be doing/ not to be done/ not to have been done不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式①不定式的进行式由to be + v-ing构成,用来表示谓语动词动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行。eg. some students pretended ____________ (read) english when the teacher came in.②不定式完成式由to have + v-ed构成,用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。eg. --- is bob still performing? --- i’m afraid not. he is said __________ (leave) the stage already as he has become an official.③不定式的被动式分为一般式被动to be v-ed和完成式被动to have been v-ed。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式要用被动语态。eg. it is an honour for me_____________ (invite) to the party. the book is said _______________________ (translate) into many languages. all these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for christmas. a. in order to have received b. in order to receive c. so as to be received d. so as to be receiving二. 不定式句法功能1. 作主语:to find a true friend is difficult. 不定式短语作主语时,可以直接放在句首,但在很多情况下,尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中,往往放在谓语之后,而用先行代词it作形式主语it is difficult to find a true friend.is it difficult to find a true friend?how difficult it is to find a true friend!不定式作主语常见句型:a) it is + adj. (easy, important, difficult…) + to do sth.b) it is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, one’s duty, a shame) + to do sth. eg. it’s a pleasure to go shopping at weekends.c) it takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience…) + to do sth.eg. it requires patience to be a good teacher.2. 作表语:当句子的主语是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时,后面可以用不定式做表语,用以说明主语所包含内容。eg. our most important task now is to make a plan.注:作表语的不定式都带to,但当主语部分有实义动词do时,to可以省略。eg. the only thing we can do now is wait and see.3.作宾语 the teacher said “remember to bring the book tomorrow!”a) 可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多,常见的有:agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等
②i consider him (to be) one of the best teachers of no. 1 middle school.
但当不定式是完成式时,to不能省略,如:we consider him to have been foolish.b) 以下两类动词后跟不定式作宾补时不能带to①使役动词,如:let, have, make等②感官动词,如: see, watch, notice, look at ,listen to ,hear, feel,等don’t let the children trouble you.i heard someone open the door.但当这两类动词为被动态时,不定式就成了主补。作主补的不定式必须加上tohis father made him go to bed early.→he was made to go to bed early by his father.动词不定式省略to的情况还有:a) would rather, had better, why not do i would rather go swimming.you had better tidy your bedroom.why not visit your cousin in japan?b)当两个动词不定式由and, or, except, but, than, rather than相连接时,通常情况下第二个to要省略do you want to go shopping or watch a film?i decided to write rather than phone.we had nothing to do but watch tv.=we had no choice but to watch tv.(注:一般情况下作介词but, except后接to do,但是如果but或except前面有do, does, did, to do时,通常省略to。)5. 作定语不定式可以在句子充当后置定语,修饰名词。以下几类情况常用不定式作定语:①能带不定式作宾语的动词,其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan等eg. he hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.②常与不定式搭配的形容词,其同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。常见的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等eg. his eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.③序数词、形容词最高级或被only, last, next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语:
(1) ①i stayed there to see what would happen.
②henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor.
(2)有时为了强调,不定式前可加in order或so as。如:
bob took down my telephone number so as (in order) not to forget it.
有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首,但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that, in order that,成为目的状语从句,如:i stayed there in order (so as) to see what would happen. =i stayed there so that (in order that) i could see what would happen.
⒉作原因状语在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如:astonished, glad, happy, laugh, pleased, sad, smile, sorry, surprised等。
①we are glad to hear the news.
②i was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.
在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语如:the question raised by the student is difficult to answer.
the room is really comfortable to live in.
常这样用的形容词有: easy, difficult, heavy, light, comfortable, fit, impossible等。
⒊ 作结果状语 we came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.
不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如:
①so…as to; such…as to
i'm not so stupid (a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。
i'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.
②enough…to
the boy isn’t old enough to go to school. = the boy is too young to go to school.
③only to 用于表示意想不到的结果
jane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital.
④too…to
i'm too tired to stay up longer.
但在下列结构中,too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如:
①i'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。(too修饰glad to have…,相当 于very)
②we have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了(不定式作定语)。
4. 不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首、句中或句末。如:
to tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment tome.
常见的短语有to be exact(确切地说),to begin with(首先),to do him justice(说句对他公道的话),to be sure(真的)等等。eg. to tell you the truth, i dislike you.7. 作同位语eg. the order to start the general attack soon came.不定式的复合结构,以it为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构,如果其前的形容词是指行为的性质就用:for sb. to do sth.这种复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。it is necessary for me to learn english well.如果该形容词是指行为的性质,同时又指行为的人,则用of sb. to do sth.。这种句式中的常用形容词有:right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。eg. it’s very kind of you to come to see me.连接代(副)词+不定式(包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, 不包括why),在句中起名词的作用,通常跟在诸如tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等动词后作宾语,也可作主语或表语。eg. no one can tell me where to find john.when to start the exam is still unknown.the problem is how to get enough money.
动词不定式巩固练习1. i've worked with children before, so i know what ________in my new job. a.expected b.to expect c.to be expecting d.expects2. _______late in the morning, bob turned off the alarm. a.to sleep b.sleeping c.sleep d.having slept3. one learns a language by making mistakes and _______them. a.correct b.correcting c.corrects d.to correct4.the mother didn't know _________ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. a.who b.when c.how d.what5. having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _________ whether they will enjoy it. a.to see b.to be seen c.seeing d.seen6. it is said in australia there is more land than the government knows _______. a.it what to do with b.what to do it with c.what to do with it d.to do what with it7. ― how do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
― the key ____ the problem is to meet the demand ____ by the customers.
a. to solving; making b. to solving; made
c. to solve; making d. to solve; made8. the teacher asked us __________ so much noise. a. don’t make b. not make c. not making d. not to make9. my advisor encouraged______ a summer course to improve my writing skills. a for me taking b me taking c for me to take d me to take10. the man insisted_______ a taxi for me even though i told him i lived nearby. a. find b. to find c. on finding d. in finding11. the news reporters hurried to the airport, only______ the film stars had left. a.to tell b.to be told c.telling d.told12. having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time_____ the exam. a.pass b.to pass c.passed d.passing13. if you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better ______ it—you’ve got some big bills coming. a. forget b. forgot c. forgetting d. to forget14. helen had to shout _____ above the sound of the music. a. making herself hear b. to make herself hear c. making herself heard d. to make herself heard15. you were silly not ____ your car. a. to lock b. to have locked c. locking d. having locked