在英语句子里,谓语受主语支配,其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律,大致可归纳为三个原则,即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。
(一)语法一致原则:语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。
1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:hisfatherisworkingonthefarm./tostudyenglishwellisnoteasy./whathesaidisveryimportantforusall./thechildrenwereintheclassroomtwohoursago./readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.
注意:由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如:whatiboughtwerethreeenglishbooks./whatisayanddois(are)helpfultoyou.
2、由连接词and或both…and连接起来的合成主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。如:lucyandlilyaretwins./sheandiareclassmates./theboyandthegirlweresurprisedwhentheyheardthenews./bothsheandheareyoungpioneers.
注意:①若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如:thewriterandartisthascome.;/②由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,each,everymorethana(an),manya(an)修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:everystudentandeveryteacherwasintheroom../noboyandnogirllikesit.
3、主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,except,but,like,aswellas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan,besides,including等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,谓语用复数形式。如:mrgreen,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,hascometochina./nobodybutjimandmikewasontheplayground./she,likeyouandtom,isverytall.
4、either,neither,each,every或no+单数名词和由some,any,no,every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。如:eachofushasanewbook./everythingaroundusismatter.
注意:①在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词(或代词)”作主语时,其谓语动词也可用复数。如:neitherofthetextsis(are)interesting.②若noneof后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数;若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如:noneofushas(have)beentoamerica.
5、在定语从句时,关系代词that,who,which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard./heistheonlyoneofmyfriendswhoisworkinghard.
6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数;如果它指集体的成员,其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family,class,crowd,committee,population,audience等。如:classfourisonthethirdfloor./classfourareunabletoagreeuponamonitor.共
注意:people,police,cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如:thepolicearelookingforthelostchild.
7、由“alotof,lotsof,plentyof,therestof,themajorityof+名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如:therearealotofpeopleintheclassroom./therestofthelectureiswonderful./50%ofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.
注意:anumberof“许多”,作定语修饰复数名词,谓语用复数;thenumberof“…的数量”,主语是number,谓语用单数。
8、在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:therecomesthebus./onthewallaremanypictures./suchistheresult./sucharethefacts.
(二)逻辑意义一致原则:逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致(因有时主语形式为单数,但意义为复数;有时形式为复数,但意义为单数)。
1、what,who,which,any,more,all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。如:whichisyourbag?/whichareyourbags?/allisgoingwell./allhavegonetobeijing.
2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式,这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体,如:thirtyminutesisenoughforthework.
3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如:“thearabiannights”isaninterestingstory-book.
4、表数量的短语“oneandahalf”后接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数形式(也可用复数。如:oneandahalfapplesis(are)leftonthetable.
5、算式中表示数目(字)的主语通常作单数看待,其谓语动词采用单数形式。如:twelvepluseightistwenty./fifty-sixdividedbyeightisseven.
6、一些学科名词是以–ics结尾,如:mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等,都属于形式上是复数的名词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990./ithinkphysicsisn’teasytostudy.
7、trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a(the)pairof等量词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如:myglassesarebroken./thepairofshoesunderthebedishis.
8、“定冠词the+形容词或分词”,表示某一类人时,动词用复数。
(三)就近一致原则:在英语句子中,有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。
1、当两个主语由either…or,neither…nor,whether…or…,notonly…butalso连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如:eithertheteacherorthestudentsareourfriends./neithertheynorheiswhollyright./isneitherhenortheywhollyright?
2、therebe句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语,则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如:therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom..共
注意:here引导的句子用法同上。
练习:主谓一致
1.i,who____yourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouwithyourenglish.
a.am b.is c.are d.be
2.therich____notalwayshappy.
a.are b.is c.has d.have
3.neithertomnorjackandi____hisstudents.
a.are b.am c.is d.was
4.maryaswellashersisters____chineseinchina.
a.arestudying b.havestudied c.studies d.study
5.neithermyfathernori____athome.
a.am b.is c.are d.be
6.notonlymybrotherbutalsoi____goodatpainting.bothofus____goodpainters.,
a.are;are b.am;am c.ani;are d.is;is
7.every'boyandeverygirl____toattendtheeveningparty.
a.wish b.wishes c.islike d.like
8.over80percentofthepopulationofchina____peasants.
a.was b.is c.wouldbe d.are
9.thepopulationofchina____largerthanthatof.anyothercountryintheworld.
a.is b.are c.has d.have共
10.everymeans____triedbutwithoutanyresult.
a.havebeen b.istobe c.aretobe d.hasbeen
11.alice,togetherwithtwoboys,____forhavingbrokentherule.
a.waspunished b.punished c.werepunished d.beingpunished
12.theleaguesecretaryandthemonitor____askedtoattendthe.meetingthisafternoon.
a.is b.was c.are d.isbeing
13.thegreatwriterandprofessor____.
a.isanoldman b.arebotholdmen
c.isanoldmanandayoungman d.weretwochinese
14.there____apen,twopencilsandthreebooksonthedesk.
a.are b.is c.has d.have
15.alargenumberofstudentsinourclass____girls.
a.are b.was c.is d.be
16.thenumberofdeer,mountainlionsandwildroses____muchifpeopleleavethingsastheyare.
a.doesn'tchange b.don'tchange c.change d.changed
17.thearabiannights____wellknowntotheenglish.
a.is b.are c.was d.were
18.chairmanmao'sworks____published.
a.hasbeen b.havebeen c.was d.is共
19.achemicalworks____builtthere.
a.istobeing b.havebeen c.wereto d.hasbeen
20.theolympicgames____heldevery____years.
a.is;four b.are;four c.is;five d.are;five
21.theunitedstatesofamerica oneofthemostdevelopedcountriesintheworld.
a.is b.are c.was d.were
22.heistheonlyoneofdiestudentswho____elected.
a.are b.have c.has d.is
23.theisisoneofthemostinterestingquestionsthat____asked.
a.have b.has c.havebeen d.hasbeen
24.manyaman____cometohelpus.
a.have b.has c.is d.are
25."all____presentandall____goingonwell,"ourmonitorsaid.
a.is;is b.are;are c.are;is d.is;are
26.thepolice____themurderereverywherewhenhesuddenlyappearedinatheatre.
a.issearchingfor b.weresearchingfor
c.aresearchingfor d.weresearching
27.yourtrousers____dirty.youmusthave____washed.
a.is;il b.are;it c.are;them d.is;them共
28.thispairoftrouseis____toolongforhim.
a.is b.be c.are d.were
29.oneandahalfbananas____leftonthetable.
a.is b.are c.has d.have
30.eighttimeseight____sixty-four.
a.is b.are c.get d.equal
31.tenminutes____anhourwhenoneiswaitingforaphonecall.
a.seems b.seem c.seemed d.seemes
32.____ofthemoney____nmout.
a.three-fifth;has b.three-fifth;hasbeen
c.three-fifths;has d.three-fifths;have
33.thewholeclass____theteacherattentively.
a.arelisteningto b.islisteningto
c.arelistening d.islistening
34.1havefinishedalargepartofthebook,therestofwhich___moredifficult.
a.is b.are c.was d.were
35.betweenthetworowsoftrees____theteachingbuilding.
a.stand b.stands c.standing d.are
36.largequantitiesofwater____forirrigation.
a.isneeded b.has-needed c.areneeded d.need共
37.thattheywerewronginthesematters____nowcleartousall.
a.is b.was c.are d.all
38.whatweneed____goodtextbooks.
a.is b.are c.have d.has
39.whatyousaidjustnow____thematterwearediscussing.
a.havesomethingtoat b.hassomethingtodowith
c.hadsomethingtodowith d.hasbeensomethingtodowith
40.morethanonemember____againsttheplan.
a.is b.are c.has d.have
41.whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory____yet.
a.hasnotdecided b.isnotdecided
c.arenotdecided d.havenotdecided
42.halfofthefruit____bad.
a.are b.has c.is d.have
43.____eitherofyourparentscometoseeyourecently?
a.have b.had c.has d.is
44.mathematics____thelanguageofscience.
a.are b.aregoingtobe c.is d.istobe
45.myfamily____small.
a.is b.were c.are d.makes
46.thefollowing____someotherexamples.
a.are b.is c.was d.were
47.theybothhavesomefriends;buthis____moreactive.共
a.is b.willbe c.was d.are
48.bothriceandwheat____growninthatcountry.
a.is b.are c.was d.has
49.earlytobedandearlytorise____agoodhabit.
a.are b.is c.were d.was
50.toplaybasketballandtogoswimming____usefulforcharacter-training.
a.was b.is c.are d.were
51.eitherheori____toattendthemassmeetingthisevening.
a.is b.am c.are d.be
52.____eitherheoritoattendthemassmeetingthisevening.
a.is b.am c.are d.be
53.anironandsteelworks,withsomesatellitefactories,____tobebuilthere.
a.are b.were c.is d.will
54.sheaswellasherbrother____aleaguemember.
a.are b.were c.will d.is
55.hisfamily____abigone.nowthefamily____watchingtv.
a.is,are b.are,is c.is,is d.are,are
56.itisiwho____goingtoattendthemeetingtomorrow.
a.is b.am c.are d.be
57.morethan60%ofthestudents____thecountryside.
a.is b.are c.isfrom d.arefrom
58.manyaman____thenovel.
a.hasread b.haveread c.isread d.areread
59.tomistheonlyoneofthestudentswho____goingtoswimthisafternoon.
a.is b.was c.are d.were
60.here____apen,afewpencilsandsomepaperforyou.
a.are b.is c.was d.were
参考答案
语法复习二:主谓一致
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