unit 1 great scientists
period 1 warming up & pre-reading
teaching aim:
to learn something about some famous scientists
teaching procedures:
step 1 lead-in
1. can you name some famous scientists?
2. in your opinion, what qualities should a scientist have?
(common characteristics: bright/ brightness; creative; cautious; persuasive; strict; positive; co-operative; enthusiastic; etc.)
3. what kind of scientists do you know?
(geologist; geographer; mathematician; physicist; chemist; agriculturist; astronomer; botanist; biologist; inventor …)
step 2 warming up
1. page 1, sb. ask ss to finish the quiz and find out who knows most.
2. show some pictures of these great scientists and have a brief introduction to them.
step 3 pre-reading (discussion)
1. what do you know about infectious diseases? what kind of infectious diseases do you know?
(infectious diseases can be spread easily, they have unknown cause and may do great harm to people. sars; bird flu; aids; etc.)
2. what do you know about cholera? (t can introduce this disease by using slides)
3. do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research? discuss in small groups the stages in examining a new scientific idea. what order would you put them in?
(find a problem→make up a question→think of a method→collect results→analyse the results→repeat if necessary→draw a conclusion)
step 4 language points
1. discover vt. to be the first to find, learn of, or observe 发现,发觉
discover 通常指被探索或被揭示物早就客观存在着;invent指的是发明原先不存在的东西。如:
columbus discovered america in 1492.
alexander graham bill invented the telephone in 1876.
2. as conj.
used in comparisons 用于比较:像……一样
he’s as old as i am.
in the same manner or way that 照……的方式
do as i say.
while; when
he saw her as she was getting off the bus.
because
as she has no car, she can’t get there easily.
though
tired as i was, i tried to help them.
as it is: in reality; in fact 事实上
i hope things would get better, but as it is they are getting worse.
(7) as it were: so to speak; in a certain way 可以说; 跟……一样
he is my best friend, my brother, as it were.
3. characteristic
(1) n. a special and easily recognized quality of someone or something 特色, 特性
a characteristic of this animal is its ability to live for a long time without water.
(2) adj. typical; representing a person’s or thing’s usual character 独特的
i heard my friend’s characteristic voice.
4. the way of doing sth. 意为“做……的方法”,还可以表达为 the way to do。如:
period 2&3 reading and comprehending
teaching aims:
①get ss to improve their reading abilities.
②let ss know the topic “great scientists”
③know some important phrases occurring in this reading
teaching procedures:
step 1 lead in
check ss’ knowledge about some scientists and their discoveries.
①who discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float?
archimedes
②who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed?
charles darwin
③who invented the first steam engine?
thomas newcomen
④who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed form parents to their children?
gregor mendel
⑤who discovered radium?
maries curie
⑥who invented the way of giving electricity to everybody in large cities?
thomas edison
⑦who was the painter that studied dead bodies to improve his painting of people?
leonardo da vinci
⑧who invented a lamp to keep miner safe underground?
sir humphrey davy
⑨who invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened?
zhang heng
⑩who put forward a theory about black holes?
idea 1 or 2? why? idea 2. because the data showed a connection with the water.
the conclusion john snow was able to defeat cholera once its cause was known.
step 6 retell the passage
provide ss with a summary with some blanks. let them retell the passage as well as pay attention to some important words.
read the passage again and fill in the blanks:
john snow was a well-known ____ in london in the ___ century. he wanted to find the ______ of cholera in order to ______ it. in 1854 when a cholera ____ out, he began to gather information. he _____ on a map where all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who had drunk the dirty water from the ______ died. so he decided that the polluted water carried cholera. he suggested that the _____ of all water supply be _______ and new methods of ________ with polluted water be found. finally, “king cholera” was defeated.
step 7 language points
1. attend v.
to be present at; go to 出席,参加
he decided to attend the meeting himself.
to give one’s attention; listen 注意,倾听(常跟to连用)
are you attending to what is being said?
to look after; serve 照顾,护理
i have a good doctor attending me.
(4) to go with 伴随,陪伴
danger attended everything he did. 他做的每一件事都带有危险。
attendance n.照顾:出席人数
there is a doctor in attendance. 有一位医生照顾。
there was a large attendance at the concert. 音乐会听众很多。
2 ease v.
(1) to free from pain, worry 减轻;缓和
the doctor gave him some painkillers to ease the pain.
the relationship between the two countries has eased.
(2) to relax 放松
it’s time for your father to ease up on his work a bit. he’s getting old.
n. the condition of being comfortable 舒适;
freedom from difficulty, or hardship不费力
a life of ease 舒适的生活
with ease 毫不费力地,轻而易举地
to jump over with ease 很容易跳过去
he passed the examination with ease.
3. expose v.
to make visible 暴露
new fashions are exposing more and more of the body.
与to连用
he exposes his skin to the sun.
to reveal the guilt or wrong doing of 揭露
he exposed their plot. 他揭露了他们的阴谋。
the crime of the corrupt officials must be exposed without any reserve.
对贪官污吏的罪行一定要毫无保留地予以揭发。
4. every time :连词,引导时间状语从句,后省略when;类似的还有 immediately,the moment,directly, instantly.
every time i meet him, i always think of the things happening between us.
i will give the report to him immediately i see him.
i came directly i got your message.
5. outbreak n.
(1)a sudden increase 突然发生
period 4 learning about language
step 1. revision
1. review some language points in the text.
2. review the new words of unit 1
step 2 check ex 1 of discovering useful words and expressions
ask some ss read the passage sentence by sentence.
ex.1: examined put forward exposed cure immediately look into announced instruct valuable
step 3 check ex 1 of discovering useful words and expressions
ex. 2: make a telephone call make a decision
make a plan make a contribution
make a speech make a noise
make a change make a description
step 4.exercise
ask some ss to tell the meaning of the phrases in ex 3.
ask the ss to make sentences with each of phrases.
step 5. assignment and home work
prepare discovering useful structures on page 4.
period 5&6 grammar
teaching aims:
1. to learn the uses of v-ed as the attibutive and predicative
2. to grasp the difference between v-ed and v-ing
teaching procedures:
step 1 revision
1. read the vocabulary from beginning to “be strict with”.
2. check the homework.
step 2 discovering useful structures
一.过去分词做表语和定语
过去分词作表语
1.过去分词可以置于系动词后做表语。常用的系动词有be, get, become, grow,seem,turn,remain,appear,feel, look,sound等。
e.g. the whole world were shocked at the news of israel’s killing yassin, the founder and spiritual leader of hamas.听到以色列杀害哈马斯创始人和精神领袖亚辛的消息,全世界都为之震惊。
the case seems(to be) connected with some big shot.这个案子好像与某个大人物有关。
2.常用作表语的过去分词有:
interested, moved, discouraged, amused, astonished,surprised,frightened, excited,moved,inspired,tired,worried,hurt, crowded, gone,
broken,dressed,wounded,pleased等。
3.及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,既表示被动,又表示完成。
e.g. the cup is broken. 茶杯破了。
系表结构与被动语态的区别。“be+过去分词”可能是系表结构,也可能是被动语态,区别如下:
系表结构 强调状态 at,with,in等介词 ()ur car got trapped in the mud.
被动语态 强调动作 by短语表动作执行者 more than 200 people were trapped in the
building by the fire.
(1) the cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。(是被动语态,表示动作)
(2) the library is now closed. 图书馆关门了。(过去分词作表语)
【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行。有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用 -ing 形式来修饰物。
(3) the book is interesting and i'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣。
过去分词作定语
作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成。
1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前。
we must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。
2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中。
the concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。
3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号。
e.g. the meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人。
4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。
e.g. the boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。
二.现在分词和过去分词用法之异同(1)
现在分词和过去分词的用法异同历来是学习中的难点和高考测试的重点。众所周知,两种分词的区别很多,但它们之间的根本区别是:
过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成,在语态上侧重于被动;
而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行,在语态上侧重于主动。
这种根本的区别具体体现在两种分词分别充当的各种句子成份中。细述如下:
一、分词作定语
过去分词和现在分词都可以做定语,区别如下:
所修饰的 中心词 及物动词的分词 不及物动词的分词
过去分词 多为人 表被动意义,意为“……的”
spoken english,
the excited students 表示分词的动作已经完成
fallen leaves(落叶)
boiled water(开水)
现在分词 多为事物 表主动意义,意为“令人……的"
english—speaking countries,
exciting news 表示分词的动作正在进行
falling leaves(正在飘落的树叶)
boiling water(正在沸腾的水)
二、分词作表语
共同点:分词作表语时,它起着形容词的作用。
不同点:分词作表语时,句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时,与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作的一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所表示的动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
过去分词和现在分词都可以做表语,区别如下:
主语 意义 备注
过去分词 人 人所处的状态或对某事的感觉 被动意义
现在分词 事物 事物的特征,意思是“令人……的” 主动意义
step 3.exercises
ask the ss to complete the table with phrases tha have the same meaning in ex 2 on page 5 and check the answer for them.
ask the ss to complete the table with phrases tha have the same meaning in ex 3 on page 5 and check the answer for them.
step 4. assignment and homework
do more exercise about the past participle used as the attribute and the predicative
period 7&8 reading and writing
teaching aims:
1. to understand the theory of nicolaus copernicus
2. to improve ss’ reading skills
teaching procedures & ways:
step 1 revision
check the homework.
step 2 teaching the new words (from “nicolaus copernicus” to “logical”)
step 3 reading
1. fast reading
read the passage and do ex 1 on page 7.
before copernicus’ theory showing copernicus’ theory
a diagram showing the solar system with the earth at its centre a diagram showing the solar system with the sun at its centre
2. careful reading
read the passage carefully and answer the following questions.